The models and contexts in GELLO can be bespoke, that is they can be custom designed for a given implementation. In health FHIR could well be one such model, instead of the HL7 V2 VMR Medical Objects uses.
This section describes some simple two level models built and implemented against, in various non-health domains, purely by way of example.
What could be the advantages of using a functional approach like GELLO? Advantages people talk about include being side effect free, referentially transparent, loops can be done recursively (and can be tail recursive), programming style is declarative and functions are pure. Another advantage of GELLO is that is is fairly obscure so there is much less risk with importing dependencies.
Engineering example
This first example will walk through an idea of building a small mechanical engineering ontology that started life with reference to https://fastenerengineering.com/what-are-pins/ . This ontology then will be used in a GELLO query along with information model instance data.
Engineering ontology
The ontology was created using a traditional Concepts, Descriptions and Relationships table approach, which also borrowed column headers from SNOMED, to allow an easier import into a terminology server used to SNOMED. 97 concepts were assigned random alphanumeric identifiers and given hierarchical types:
A similar number of relationships were made, mostly of the Is_A type:
This example will be about a type of fastener called a grooved pin coded internally to 9377156411. A small parent child table about grooved pins, coiled pins, dowel pins, cotter pins, split pins and slotted pins (phew!) was made and saved as an imported csv file. This has five levels of hierarchy with parents of Pin (Part), Fastener (Part) , Part (BuiltThing) and BuiltThing (BuiltThing). There is a second hierarchy going through 6253914735 | MechanicalFirmLinkage (BuiltThing) | . This table serves as a small reference terminology or ontology and the GELLO will make an appeal to it. It could be further populated out of the Relationships table. The table will be used in the code to return a boolean if a child and a parent concept are in the same row. The table is shown here:
Engineering schema
The information model was built as a gello_model and an XSD schema.
Here is the gello_model:
Package OntoEngineering
Imports iso_21090_datatypes
class Geometry extends Any
name: String
code: CD -- square, rectangle, circle, triangle, cylinder, cone, sphere, line , cube, cuboid
area: PQ --derived
width: PQ
length: PQ
height: PQ
volume: PQ --derived
radius: PQ
circumference: PQ
describingFunction: String
--all horizontal relationships done up to here
class BuiltThing extends Any
code: CD
hasGeometry: Sequence(Geometry)
hasBehaviour: Behaviour
hasRole: Role
component: Sequence(Component)
tensileStrength: PQ
btArea: PQ
btWidth: PQ
btLength: PQ
btVolume: PQ
btRadius: PQ
btCircumference: PQ
btFluxEmmission: PQ
spaceType: CD -- negative, positive, negAndPos
constructionMaterial: CD -- wood, steel
constructionMethod: CD -- extruded, printed, cast, milled
elasticity: PQ
class Part extends BuiltThing
partID: String
usedWith: Sequence(Part)
class Behaviour extends Any
class Role extends Any
participant1: Part
participant2: Part
roleType: CD -- fasten, support, join
class Component extends Part
componentID: String
class Fastener extends Part --reference https://fastenerengineering.com/what-are-pins/
type: CD --mechanical, electromagnetic, adhesive
class Pin extends Fastener
pinType: CD -- dowel, slotted, coiled (spiral), grooved, split, cotter
chamfer: Chamfer
class Chamfer extends Any
angle: PQ
chamferLength: PQ
turnOffDistance: PQ
chamferLocation: CD -- proximal, distal
class SpringPin extends Pin --new
springStrength: PQ
class SlottedPin extends SpringPin
sheetRevolutionDeg: PQ
compressionTolerance: PQ
class CoiledPin extends SpringPin
-- sheetRevolutionDeg > 360 deg
class GroovedPin extends Pin
grooveNumber: Integer --usually 3 -- done
groove: Sequence(Component)
class CotterPin extends Any
taper: Geometry
class SplitPin extends Pin
end: Sequence(Component)
class Bush extends Part
-- spaceType = negative
interferenceMeasure: PQ
chamfer: Chamfer
class InfrastructureRoot extends Any
builtThing: Sequence(BuiltThing)
EndPackage
Data
A xml file was created that accords with the model. The OIDs in the CD's codeSystem and the codeSystemName attributes in this example and the next are made up.
<GroovedPin xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<type
code="5336670848"
codeSystem="2.16.840.1.113883.6.8"
codeSystemName="OntoEValueDomain">
<displayName value = "Mechanical" />
</type>
<pinType
code="9377156411"
codeSystem="2.16.840.1.113883.6.8"
codeSystemName="OntoEValueDomain">
<displayName value = "Grooved Pin" />
</pinType>
<partID value = '6787982-A'/>
<hasGeometry>
<code
code="7573194557"
codeSystem="2.16.840.1.113883.6.8"
codeSystemName="OntoEValueDomain">
<displayName value = "Cylinder"/>
</code>
</hasGeometry>
<spaceType
code="8494431267"
codeSystem="2.16.840.1.113883.6.8"
codeSystemName="OntoEValueDomain">
<displayName value = "PositiveSpace"/>
</spaceType>
<btLength xsi:type = "PQ" value = "100" unit = "mm" />
<btRadius xsi:type = "PQ" value = "10" unit = "mm" />
<hasRole>
<roleType code="4514449250"
codeSystem="2.16.840.1.113883.6.8"
codeSystemName="OntoEValueDomain">
<displayName value = "Fasten"/>
</roleType>
</hasRole>
<usedWith>
<partID value = '89u207-F'/>
<code
code="7715218853"
codeSystem="2.16.840.1.113883.6.8"
codeSystemName="OntoEValueDomain">
<displayName value = "Bush"/>
</code>
</usedWith>
<component>
<componentID value = 'Groove1'/>
<hasGeometry>
<code
code="7573194557"
codeSystem="2.16.840.1.113883.6.8"
codeSystemName="OntoEValueDomain">
<displayName value = "Cylinder"/>
</code>
</hasGeometry>
<spaceType
code="8999051355"
codeSystem="2.16.840.1.113883.6.8"
codeSystemName="OntoEValueDomain">
<displayName value = "NegativeSpace"/>
</spaceType>
<btLength xsi:type = "PQ" value = "75" unit = "mm" />
<btRadius xsi:type = "PQ" value = "4" unit = "mm" />
</component>
<grooveNumber value = '1' />
</GroovedPin>
This data instance is about a grooved pin with one groove. The idea of a grooved pin is that is has two or more grooves usually which compress when the pin is inserted with force into a preformed hole, in this case a 'bush'. They are meant to not move. So there is a risk if the groove number is wrong as this part could slip due to a lack of friction in the linkage. At a semantic level we want a firm mechanical linkage and therefore want to use the correct part - would we discover that a grooved pin is a firm linkage if we looked it up in mechanical engineering textbooks? This is what the semantic appeal will attempt to address.
So lets move onto the actual GELLO:
GELLO
Imports OntoEngineering, DB.OntoEngineeringParentChildTable
Context GroovedPin
--validation rules:
Let groovedPinConcept:CD = pinType
Let grooveNumberOk: Boolean = grooveNumber >= 2
Let partTypeOk: Boolean = type.displayName.value = 'Mechanical'
Let correctAssocPart: Boolean = usedWith->exists(code.displayName.value='Bush')
--implies
Let mechanicalFirmLinkage_Concept: CD = CD{code = '6253914735',
codeSystem ='3.16.840.1.113883.6.8',
codeSystemName = 'OntoEValueDomain',
displayName = ST{value = 'Mechanical Firm Linkage'}}
Let groovedPin_Concept: CD = CD{code = '9377156411',
codeSystem ='3.16.840.1.113883.6.8',
codeSystemName = 'OntoEValueDomain',
displayName = ST{value = 'Grooved Pin'}}
Let test: Boolean = groovedPinConcept = groovedPin_Concept
Let parentConcept: CD = mechanicalFirmLinkage_Concept
Let childConcept: CD = groovedPin_Concept
Let ontoETable: Sequence(TBL.csv)= csv
Let selectedRowOrRows: Sequence(TBL.csv) =
ontoETable->select((LeafID = childConcept.code.toReal())
and (
(If Parent1.oclIsDefined() then Parent1 = parentConcept.code.toReal() else False endif) or
(If Parent2.oclIsDefined() then Parent2 = parentConcept.code.toReal() else False endif) or
(If Parent3.oclIsDefined() then Parent3 = parentConcept.code.toReal() else False endif) or
(If Parent4.oclIsDefined() then Parent4 = parentConcept.code.toReal() else False endif) or
(If Parent5.oclIsDefined() then Parent5 = parentConcept.code.toReal() else False endif) or
(If Parent6.oclIsDefined() then Parent6 = parentConcept.code.toReal() else False endif) or
(If Parent7.oclIsDefined() then Parent7 = parentConcept.code.toReal() else False endif) or
(If Parent8.oclIsDefined() then Parent8 = parentConcept.code.toReal() else False endif))
)
Let impliesBoolean: Boolean = selectedRowOrRows.size()>0
-- result
Tuple { checkGrooveNumber = grooveNumberOk ,
checkPartTyping = partTypeOk,
checkUsedWith = correctAssocPart,
checkSemantics = impliesBoolean
}
and here is the result:
Astronomy example
Astronomers use a type of star called a Cepheid variable to calculate distances to astronomical objects at galactic and extragalactic scales. This is because it was discovered that the period of the pulsations corresponds to their absolute brightness. There is a formula that then can also take the observed brightness of the object to calculate the distance of the star from Earth in parsecs. Type II Cepheids are usually used. These are population II stars with the characteristics of being metal poor, old, masses < 0.5 MSun and their periods determine subclasses. These subclasses are RV Tauri, W Vir and BL Her. RV Tauri stars including the star RV Tauri itself are massive supergiants. This example takes observations from a catalogue called SIMBAD for the RV Tauri object. The GELLO model is again bespoke but again uses ISO:21090 datatypes. There is an ontological appeal to a parent-child table based on the IVOA Ontology v. 1.3 for checking the supergiant relationship. We will assess a given star's suitability to be identified as a Type II Cepheid variable star and then check the subtype. (It should be RV Tauri as this is the type exemplar)
Astro-ontology
There is or was one called the IVOA Ontology v. 1.3 and for this example it formed the basis of a created small concept table of 400 rows, a created 511 strong relationships table and a created parent-child table of 381 rows. The function for subsumption in this example has been moved to a separate package but is similar to the engineering example above. Importantly, this asserts the proposition that 46612991 | RVTauri (AstrObject) | Is_A 81261979 | SuperGiant (AstrObject) | :
The SIMBAD Observations GELLO Model
Here is the bespoke model made for this example:
Package SIMBADObjectPackage
imports
iso_21090_datatypes
class SIMBADObjectObservations extends Any
designation: ST
objectType: ObjectType
otherObjectType: Sequence(ObjectType)
coordinates: Sequence(Coordinates)
properMotions: ProperMotions --? Sequence
radialVelocitiesAndOrRedshift: RadialVelocitiesAndOrRedshift --? Sequence
parallaxes: Parallaxes
spectralType: SpectralType
fluxes: Sequence(Fluxes)
identifiers: Sequence (II)
references: Sequence(References)
collectionsOfMeasurements: CollectionOfMeasurements
morphologicalType: MorphologicalType
galaxyDimension: GalaxyDimension
notes:ST
observingLogs: Sequence(ObservingLogs)
externalArchives: Sequence(ExternalArchive)
annotations: ST
literatureDerivedParameters: Sequence (LiteratureDerivedParameters)
class ObjectType extends Any
code: CD -- eg IVOA 1.3 local
condensedDesignation: CD -- http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-display?data=otypes
standardName: ST
extendedExplanation: ST
class Coordinates extends Any
system: CD --ICRS, Gal, FK4
epoch: CD --J2000,B1950
eq: CD -- 1950
ra: ST
dec: ST
wType: CD -- wavelength class: Rad, mm, IR, Optical, UV, Xray, Gam
errorEllipse: ST
quality: CD -- A,B,C,D,E
bibCode: ST
class ProperMotions extends Any
pm_ra: PQ
pm_dec: PQ
errorEllipse: ST -- in degrees
quality: CD --A, B, C, D, E, ~
bibCode: ST
class RadialVelocitiesAndOrRedshift extends Any
value: PQ
error: PQ
wavelength: CD -- Rad, mm, IR, Opt, UV, Xray, Gam or '~'(unknown)
quality: CD --A, B, C, D, E, ~
bibCode: ST
class Parallaxes extends Any
value: PQ
error: PQ
quality: CD -- A=best quality -> E=worst quality, ~ =unknown quality
bibCode: ST
class SpectralType extends Any
value: ST
spectralClass: CD
luminosityClass: CD
peculiarities: ST
quality: CD -- A=best quality?E=worst quality, ~ =unknown quality
bibCode: ST
class Fluxes extends Any
filterName: CD -- U, B, V, R, I, G, J, H, K, u, g, r, i, z
system: CD -- Vega - default, AB
fluxValue: Real
error: Real
quality: CD -- A=best quality -> E=worst quality, ~ =unknown quality
multVarFlags: ST
bibCode: ST
class CollectionOfMeasurements extends Any
velocities: Sequence(Velocities)
fe_H: Sequence(Fe_H)
distance: Sequence(Distance)
plx: Sequence(PLX)
rot: Sequence(ROT)
pm: Sequence(PM)
variableStar: Sequence(VariableStarMeasurements)
class MorphologicalType extends Any
mtype: CD -- Hubble morphological class (spirals, ellipticals, etc)
quality: CD -- (A=best quality -> E=worst quality, ~ =unknown quality)
bibcode: ST
class GalaxyDimension extends Any
-- Syntax of angular size is : "maj-axis min-axis angle (wtype) quality bibcode"
majAxis: PQ -- arc minutes
minAxis: PQ -- arc minutes
angle: PQ -- orientation angle in degrees
incl: PQ -- inclination (in units of 15° from 0 to 7)
wType: CD -- wavelength class for the origin of the angular size (Rad, mm, IR, Opt, UV, Xray, Gam)
quality: CD -- flag of quality of the angular size values ( A=best quality -> E=worst quality, ~ =unknown quality)
bibcode: ST
class References extends Any
date: TS
firstAuthor: ST
title: ST
journal: ST
url: ST
doi: ST
abstract: ST
class Velocities extends Any
vStar: PQ
me: PQ
reference: References
class ROT extends Any
vSini: Real
error: Real
mes: ST
q: ST
reference: References
class Distance extends Any
distance: PQ
merr: PQ
perr: PQ
method: CD -- cep
reference: References
class Fe_H extends Any
tEff: PQ
log_g: Real
fe_H: Real
compStar: ST
catNo: ST
reference: References
class PLX extends Any
plx: PQ
m_e: Real
r: ST
reference: References
class PM extends Any
pm_ra: PQ
pm_ra_m_e: PQ
pm_de: PQ
pm_de_m_e: PQ
syst: CD
reference: References
class VariableStarMeasurements extends Any
varType: CD -- eg DCEP
vMax: PQ -- mag
p: ST
vMin: PQ -- mag
period: PQ --d
d_RT: PQ -- %
epoch: ST
reference: References
class ObservingLogs extends Any
class ExternalArchive extends Any
class LiteratureDerivedParameters extends Any
luminosity: Luminosity
mass: Mass
metallicity: Metallicity
radius: Radius
tEff: TEff
variabilityPeriod: VariabilityPeriod
class Luminosity extends Any
l: PQ
minusError: PQ
plusError: PQ
reference: References
class Mass extends Any
m: PQ
minusError: PQ
plusError: PQ
reference: References
class Metallicity extends Any
met: Real
minusError: Real
plusError: Real
reference: References
class Radius extends Any
r: PQ
minusError: PQ
plusError: PQ
reference: References
class TEff extends Any
t: PQ
minusError: PQ
plusError: PQ
reference: References
class VariabilityPeriod extends Any
p: PQ
minusError: PQ
plusError: PQ
reference: References
class InfrastructureRoot extends Any
sIMBADObjectObservations: Sequence(SIMBADObjectObservations)
EndPackage
Data
A xml file was created that accords with the model:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<SIMBADObjectObservations xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="./iso-21090-datatypes.xsd">
<designation value = "RV Tau" />
<objectType>
<code code="46612991"
codeSystem="2.16.840.1.113883.6.8"
codeSystemName="IOVA">
<displayName value = "RVTauri (AstrObject)" />
</code>
<condensedDesignation code="V*"
codeSystem="2.16.840.1.113883.6.7"
codeSystemName="SIMBAD">
<displayName value = "V*" />
</condensedDesignation>
<standardName value = "V*" />
<extendedExplanation value = "Variable Star of Mira Cet type" />
</objectType>
<otherObjectType>
<condensedDesignation code="Wi*"
codeSystem="2.16.840.1.113883.6.7"
codeSystemName="SIMBAD">
<displayName value = "WV*" />
</condensedDesignation>
<standardName value = "PulsV*RVTau" />
<extendedExplanation value = "Variable Star of Mira Cet type" />
</otherObjectType>
<coordinates>
<system code="ICRS"
codeSystem="Local_Coordinates"
codeSystemName="Local">
<displayName value = "International Celestial Reference System" />
</system>
<epoch code="J2000"
codeSystem="Local_Epoch"
codeSystemName="Local">
<displayName value = "Julian 2000 (2000011200)" />
</epoch>
<ra value = '04 47 06.7238218181' />
<dec value = '+26 10 45.530144720' />
<wType code="Opt"
codeSystem="Local_wType"
codeSystemName="Local">
<displayName value = "Optical" />
</wType>
<errorEllipse value = "0.0645 0.0365 90" />
<quality code="A"
codeSystem="Local_Quality"
codeSystemName="Local">
<displayName value = "A" />
</quality>
<bibCode value = "http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-ref?bibcode=2018yCat.1345....0G" />
</coordinates>
<coordinates>
<system code="FK4"
codeSystem="Local_Coordinates"
codeSystemName="Local">
<displayName value = "Fourth Fundamental Catalogue" />
</system>
<epoch code="B1950"
codeSystem="Local_Epoch"
codeSystemName="Local">
<displayName value = "Besellian 1950" />
</epoch>
<eq code="1950"
codeSystem="Local_Eq"
codeSystemName="Local">
<displayName value = "1950" />
</eq>
<ra value = '04 44 01.9109548643' />
<dec value = '+26 05 26.002025683' />
<errorEllipse value = "0.0645 0.0365 90" />
</coordinates>
<coordinates>
<system code="Gal"
codeSystem="Local_Coordinates"
codeSystemName="Local">
<displayName value = "Galactic" />
</system>
<epoch code="J2000"
codeSystem="Local_Epoch"
codeSystemName="Local">
<displayName value = "Julian 2000 (2000011200)" />
</epoch>
<ra value = '174.7738171895735' />
<dec value = '-12.1901909775067' />
<errorEllipse value = "0.0645 0.0365 90" />
</coordinates>
<properMotions>
<pm_ra xsi:type = "PQ" value = "1.557" unit = "mas/yr" />
<pm_dec xsi:type = "PQ" value = "-4.717" unit = "mas/yr" />
<errorEllipse value = '1.546 1.104 90' />
<quality code="A"
codeSystem="Local_Quality"
codeSystemName="Local">
<displayName value = "A" />
</quality>
<bibCode value = "http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-ref?bibcode=2016A%26A...595A...2G" />
</properMotions>
<radialVelocitiesAndOrRedshift>
<value xsi:type = "PQ" value = "30.0" unit = "km/s" />
<error xsi:type = "PQ" value = "2" unit = "km/s" />
<quality code="E"
codeSystem="Local_Quality"
codeSystemName="Local">
<displayName value = "E" />
</quality>
<bibCode value = "http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-ref?bibcode=1953GCRV..C......0W" />
</radialVelocitiesAndOrRedshift>
<parallaxes>
<value xsi:type = "PQ" value = "0.6926" unit = "arcseconds" />
<error xsi:type = "PQ" value = "0.0605" unit = "arcseconds" />
<quality code="A"
codeSystem="Local_Quality"
codeSystemName="Local">
<displayName value = "A" />
</quality>
<bibCode value = "http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-ref?bibcode=2018yCat.1345....0G" />
</parallaxes>
<spectralType>
<value value = 'K0' />
<spectralClass code="K0"
codeSystem="Local_SpectralClass"
codeSystemName="Local">
<displayName value = "K0" />
</spectralClass>
<!-- why no luminosity class? -->
<luminosityClass code=""
codeSystem="Local_LuminosityClass"
codeSystemName="Local">
<displayName value = "" />
</luminosityClass>
<quality code="E"
codeSystem="Local_Quality"
codeSystemName="Local">
<displayName value = "E" />
</quality>
<bibCode value = "http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-ref?bibcode=1995A%26AS..110..367N" />
</spectralType>
<fluxes>
<filterName code="B"
codeSystem="Local_FilterName"
codeSystemName="Local">
<displayName value = "B" />
</filterName>
<system code="Vega"
codeSystem="Local_FilterName"
codeSystemName="Local">
<displayName value = "Vega" />
</system>
<fluxValue xsi:type = "Real" value = "11.00" />
<error xsi:type = "Real" value = "0.10" />
<quality code="D"
codeSystem="Local_Quality"
codeSystemName="Local">
<displayName value = "D" />
</quality>
<bibCode value = "http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-ref?bibcode=2000A%26A...355L..27H" />
</fluxes>
<fluxes>
<filterName code="V"
codeSystem="Local_FilterName"
codeSystemName="Local">
<displayName value = "V" />
</filterName>
<system code="Vega"
codeSystem="Local_FilterName"
codeSystemName="Local">
<displayName value = "Vega" />
</system>
<fluxValue xsi:type = "Real" value = "9.8" />
<quality code="C"
codeSystem="Local_Quality"
codeSystemName="Local">
<displayName value = "C" />
</quality>
<bibCode value = "http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-ref?bibcode=2002yCat.2237....0D" />
</fluxes>
<fluxes>
<filterName code="G"
codeSystem="Local_FilterName"
codeSystemName="Local">
<displayName value = "G" />
</filterName>
<system code="Vega"
codeSystem="Local_FilterName"
codeSystemName="Local">
<displayName value = "Vega" />
</system>
<fluxValue xsi:type = "Real" value = "9.2887" />
<error xsi:type = "Real" value = "0.0195" />
<quality code="C"
codeSystem="Local_Quality"
codeSystemName="Local">
<displayName value = "C" />
</quality>
<bibCode value = "http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-ref?bibcode=2018yCat.1345....0G" />
</fluxes>
<fluxes>
<filterName code="J"
codeSystem="Local_FilterName"
codeSystemName="Local">
<displayName value = "J" />
</filterName>
<system code="Vega"
codeSystem="Local_FilterName"
codeSystemName="Local">
<displayName value = "Vega" />
</system>
<fluxValue xsi:type = "Real" value = "6.183" />
<error xsi:type = "Real" value = "0.020" />
<quality code="C"
codeSystem="Local_Quality"
codeSystemName="Local">
<displayName value = "C" />
</quality>
<bibCode value = "http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-ref?bibcode=2003yCat.2246....0C" />
</fluxes>
<fluxes>
<filterName code="H"
codeSystem="Local_FilterName"
codeSystemName="Local">
<displayName value = "V" />
</filterName>
<system code="Vega"
codeSystem="Local_FilterName"
codeSystemName="Local">
<displayName value = "Vega" />
</system>
<fluxValue xsi:type = "Real" value = "5.488" />
<error xsi:type = "Real" value = "0.020" />
<quality code="C"
codeSystem="Local_Quality"
codeSystemName="Local">
<displayName value = "C" />
</quality>
<bibCode value = "http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-ref?bibcode=2003yCat.2246....0C" />
</fluxes>
<fluxes>
<filterName code="K"
codeSystem="Local_FilterName"
codeSystemName="Local">
<displayName value = "K" />
</filterName>
<system code="Vega"
codeSystem="Local_FilterName"
codeSystemName="Local">
<displayName value = "Vega" />
</system>
<fluxValue xsi:type = "Real" value = "4.777" />
<error xsi:type = "Real" value = "0.018" />
<quality code="C"
codeSystem="Local_Quality"
codeSystemName="Local">
<displayName value = "C" />
</quality>
<bibCode value = "http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-ref?bibcode=2003yCat.2246....0C" />
</fluxes>
<identifiers root="HD" extension="283868" />
<identifiers root="AG+" extension="+26 443" />
<identifiers root="AN" extension="45.1905" />
<identifiers root="ASAS" extension="J044707+2610.7" />
<identifiers root="BD+" extension="+25 732" />
<identifiers root="Elia" extension="3-20" />
<identifiers root="GCRV" extension="2803" />
<identifiers root="GSC2" extension="N301132129" />
<identifiers root="GSC" extension="01835-01075" />
<identifiers root="IRAS" extension="04440+2605" />
<identifiers root="2MASS" extension="J04470673+2610455" />
<identifiers root="PPM" extension="93762" />
<identifiers root="TIC" extension="59838803" />
<identifiers root="TYC" extension="1835-1075-1" />
<identifiers root="V*" extension="RV Tau" />
<identifiers root="WEB" extension="4279" />
<identifiers root="WISE" extension="J044706.73+261045.5" />
<identifiers root="WISE" extension="J044706.74+261045.7" />
<identifiers root="[WWV2004]" extension="J0447067+261046" />
<identifiers root="AAVSO" extension="0441+26" />
<identifiers root="Gaia" extension="DR1 154255571501975936" />
<identifiers root="Gaia" extension="DR2 154255575798532096" />
<references></references>
<collectionsOfMeasurements>
<velocities>
<vStar xsi:type = "PQ" value = "30.0" unit = "km/s" />
<reference>
<date xsi:type = "TS" value = "2013" />
<firstAuthor value = "Mooley K" />
<title value = "B- and A-type stars in the Taurus-Auriga star-forming region." />
<journal value = "Astrophys. J." />
<url value = "http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-ref?bibcode=2013ApJ...771..110M" />
</reference>
</velocities>
<fe_H></fe_H>
<distance>
<distance xsi:type = "PQ" value = "1443.8348" unit = "pc" />
<merr xsi:type = "PQ" value = "126.1219" unit = "pc" />
<perr xsi:type = "PQ" value = "126.1219" unit = "pc" />
<method code="paral"
codeSystem="Local_Method"
codeSystemName="Local">
<displayName value = "paral" />
</method>
<reference>
<date xsi:type = "TS" value = "2018" />
<firstAuthor value = "GAIA COLLABORATION" />
<title value = "GAIA DR2" />
<journal value = "CDS/ADC Collection of Electronic Catalogues" />
<url value = "http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-ref?bibcode=2018yCat.1345....0G" />
</reference>
</distance>
<plx>
<plx xsi:type = "PQ" value = "0.6926" unit = "arcseconds" />
<m_e xsi:type = "Real" value = "0.0605" />
<reference>
<date xsi:type = "TS" value = "2018" />
<firstAuthor value = "GAIA COLLABORATION" />
<title value = "GAIA DR2" />
<journal value = "CDS/ADC Collection of Electronic Catalogues" />
<url value = "http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-ref?bibcode=2018yCat.1345....0G" />
</reference>
</plx>
<plx>
<plx xsi:type = "PQ" value = "1.210" unit = "arcseconds" />
<m_e xsi:type = "Real" value = "0.360" />
<reference>
<date xsi:type = "TS" value = "2016" />
<firstAuthor value = "GAIA COLLABORATION" />
<title value = "Gaia Data Release 1. Summary of the astrometric, photometric, and survey properties." />
<journal value = "Astronomy and Astrophysics" />
<url value = "http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-ref?bibcode=2016A%26A...595A...2G" />
</reference>
</plx>
<rot></rot>
<pm></pm>
<variableStar>
<varType code="M"
codeSystem="Local_VarType"
codeSystemName="Local">
<displayName value = "M" />
</varType>
<vMax xsi:type = "PQ" value = "8.9585" unit = "mag" />
<p value = "R" />
<vMin xsi:type = "PQ" value = "9.9695" unit = "mag" />
<period xsi:type = "PQ" value = "236" unit = "d" />
<reference>
<date xsi:type = "TS" value = "2004" />
<firstAuthor value = "Wozniak S,J" />
<title value = "Identifying red variables in the Northern Sky Variability Survey." />
<journal value = "Astron. J." />
<url value = "http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-ref?bibcode=2004AJ....128.2965W" />
</reference>
</variableStar>
</collectionsOfMeasurements>
<literatureDerivedParameters>
<luminosity>
<l xsi:type = "PQ" value = "2800" unit = "Lsun" />
<reference>
<date xsi:type = "TS" value = "201908" />
<firstAuthor value = "Manick R" />
<title value = "Spectroscopic binaries RV Tauri and DF Cygni" />
<journal value = "Astronomy and Astrophysics." />
<url value = "https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2019/08/aa34956-18/aa34956-18.html" />
</reference>
</luminosity>
<mass>
<m xsi:type = "PQ" value = "0.53" unit = "Msun" />
<reference>
<date xsi:type = "TS" value = "201908" />
<firstAuthor value = "Manick R" />
<title value = "Spectroscopic binaries RV Tauri and DF Cygni" />
<journal value = "Astronomy and Astrophysics." />
<url value = "https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2019/08/aa34956-18/aa34956-18.html" />
</reference>
</mass>
<metallicity>
<met xsi:type = "Real" value = "-0.3" />
<minusError xsi:type = "Real" value = "0.2" />
<plusError xsi:type = "Real" value = "0.2" />
<reference>
<date xsi:type = "TS" value = "201908" />
<firstAuthor value = "Manick R" />
<title value = "Spectroscopic binaries RV Tauri and DF Cygni" />
<journal value = "Astronomy and Astrophysics." />
<url value = "https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2019/08/aa34956-18/aa34956-18.html" />
</reference>
</metallicity>
<tEff>
<t xsi:type = "PQ" value = "4810" unit = "K" />
<minusError xsi:type = "PQ" value = "200" unit = "K" />
<plusError xsi:type = "PQ" value = "200" unit = "K" />
<reference>
<date xsi:type = "TS" value = "201908" />
<firstAuthor value = "Manick R" />
<title value = "Spectroscopic binaries RV Tauri and DF Cygni" />
<journal value = "Astronomy and Astrophysics." />
<url value = "https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2019/08/aa34956-18/aa34956-18.html" />
</reference>
</tEff>
</literatureDerivedParameters>
</SIMBADObjectObservations>
<objectType> is a terminology binding to the IVOA Ontology (with local randomly generated and unique codes).
GELLO
Have we an instance of a Type II Cepheid variable and what subtype is it?
Imports SIMBADObjectPackage, IVOALib --, AstroLib
Context SIMBADObjectObservations
Let observedStar: SIMBADObjectObservations = Self
-- is Type II Cepheid and what subclass?
-- Type II cepheids are pop II stars, metal poor, old, masses < 0.5 MSun, periods determine subclass
-- -------------------- ------------ -------------- ------------- ---------- ------ ----- ------------
-- | TypeIICep subclass| Supergiant?| SpectralClass| Teff{K) | period(d)| Lum | Mass| Metallicity|
-- -------------------- ------------ -------------- ------------- ---------- ------ ----- ------------
-- | RV Tauri | Y | G - K | 4100 - 6000 | > 20 | high | low | low |
-- | W Vir | N | F6 - K2 | 4900 - 6200 | 10 - 20 | | low | low |
-- | BL Her | N | varies | | 1 - 4 | low | low | low |
-- -------------------- ------------ -------------- ------------- ---------- ------ ----- ------------
Let observedVarPeriod: PQ = If observedStar.collectionsOfMeasurements.variableStar.first().period.oclIsDefined() then
observedStar.collectionsOfMeasurements.variableStar->sortedBy(r|r.reference.date).last().period
else null
endif
Let observedTeff: PQ = If observedStar.collectionsOfMeasurements.fe_H.first().tEff.oclIsDefined() then
observedStar.collectionsOfMeasurements.fe_H->sortedBy(r|r.reference.date).last().tEff
else null
endif
Let observedFe_H: Real = If observedStar.collectionsOfMeasurements.fe_H.first().fe_H.oclIsDefined() then
observedStar.collectionsOfMeasurements.fe_H->sortedBy(r|r.reference.date).last().fe_H
else null
endif
Let observedStarLumClass:CD = observedStar.spectralType.luminosityClass -- use fluxes?
Let litCalculatedMass: PQ = If observedStar.literatureDerivedParameters.mass.first().m.oclIsDefined() then
observedStar.literatureDerivedParameters.mass->sortedBy(r|r.reference.date).last().m
else null
endif
Let lit_Luminosity: PQ = If observedStar.literatureDerivedParameters.luminosity.first().l.oclIsDefined() then
observedStar.literatureDerivedParameters.luminosity->sortedBy(r|r.reference.date).last().l
else null
endif
Let lit_Metallicity: Real = If observedStar.literatureDerivedParameters.metallicity.first().met.oclIsDefined() then
observedStar.literatureDerivedParameters.metallicity->sortedBy(r|r.reference.date).last().met
else null
endif
Let lit_TEff: PQ = If observedStar.literatureDerivedParameters.tEff.first().t.oclIsDefined() then
observedStar.literatureDerivedParameters.tEff->sortedBy(r|r.reference.date).last().t
else null
endif
Let lit_VarPeriod: PQ = If observedStar.literatureDerivedParameters.variabilityPeriod.first().p.oclIsDefined() then
observedStar.literatureDerivedParameters.variabilityPeriod->sortedBy(r|r.reference.date).last().p
else null
endif
--get best parameter values where needed
Let metallicityBest: Real = If observedFe_H.oclIsDefined() then observedFe_H else
If lit_Metallicity.oclIsDefined() then lit_Metallicity else
null endif endif
Let varPeriodBest: PQ = If observedVarPeriod.oclIsDefined() then observedVarPeriod else
If lit_VarPeriod.oclIsDefined() then lit_VarPeriod else
null endif endif
Let tEffBest: PQ = If observedTeff.oclIsDefined() then observedTeff else
If lit_TEff.oclIsDefined() then lit_TEff else
null endif endif
--Type II Cepheid query
Let isLowMass: Boolean = litCalculatedMass < PQ{value = 0.6, unit = "Msun"}
Let isMetalPoor: Boolean = metallicityBest < 0.05
Let isVariable: Boolean = varPeriodBest.oclIsDefined()
Let isTypeIICepheid: Boolean = isLowMass and isMetalPoor and isVariable
-- is Supergiant?
Let childIVOAConcept: CD = observedStar.objectType.code
Let parentIVOAConcept:CD = CD{code = '81261979', displayName = ST{value='SuperGiant'}, codeSystem = 'IVOA'}
Let isSuperGiant: Boolean = IVOAImplies(childIVOAConcept, parentIVOAConcept)
--Determine subclass If Type II cepheid variable
Let subclass: String =
If isTypeIICepheid and varPeriodBest > PQ{value=20,unit='d'}
and isSuperGiant and lit_Luminosity > PQ{value=1000,unit='Lsun'}
and tEffBest > PQ{value=4100,unit='K'} and tEffBest < PQ{value=6000,unit='K'}
then 'RV Tauri subclass' else
if isTypeIICepheid and varPeriodBest > PQ{value=10,unit='d'} and varPeriodBest <= PQ{value=20,unit='d'}
and tEffBest > PQ{value=4900,unit='K'} and tEffBest < PQ{value=6200,unit='K'}
then 'W Vir subclass' else
If isTypeIICepheid and varPeriodBest < PQ{value=4,unit='d'} and lit_Luminosity < PQ{value=1000,unit='Lsun'}
then 'BL Her' else
null endif endif endif
----
subclass
Here is the result:
